Why do many Hindus wear a dot near the middle of their forehead?

In olden days, all Hindu men and women wore these marks, and they both also wore earrings. Today it is the women who are most faithful in wearing the bindi.

The dot has a mystical meaning. It represents the third eye of spiritual sight, which sees things the physical eyes cannot see. Hindus seek to awaken their inner sight through yoga. The forehead dot is a reminder to use and cultivate this spiritual vision to perceive and better understand life's inner workings to see things not just physically, but with the "mind's eye" as well. The bindi is made of red powder (called sindur, traditionally made from powdered turmeric and fresh lime juice), sandalpaste .

In addition to the simple dot, there are many types of forehead marks, known as tilaka in Sanskrit. Each mark represents a particular sect or denomination of our vast religion. We have four major sects: Saivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism. Vaishnava Hindus, for example, wear a v-shaped tilaka made of white clay. Elaborate tilakas are worn by Hindus mainly at religious events, though many wear the simple bindi, indicating they are Hindu, even in the general public. By these marks we know what a person believes, and therefore know how to begin conversations.

CHANDRAYAAN-1: India's first mission to the Moon

"THE MOON" with the history of the early solar system etched on it beckons mankind from time immemorial to admire its marvels and discover its secrets. Understanding the moon provides a pathway to unravel the early evolution of the solar system and that of the planet earth.

India launched its first unmanned moon mission satellite, Chandrayan 1 on Oct 22 6.22 AM from ISRO, Sriharikota. It is launched from Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle .It will revelove around moon for 2years and creates a 3D atlas around the moon . Got to see if we can explore a life on moon.

How Lehman Brothers became Bankrupt?

15 th Sept 2008 has become a black day in the history of financial market with US fourth-largest investment bank Lehman Brothers filing for bankruptcy. Already Merrill Lynch has been acquired by the Bank of America and AIG is also verge of bankruptcy. How it happened? How 158 years old finance giant became bankrupt? Today I will discuss the reasons behind this biggest incident of bankruptcy in the history of mankind. So how Lehman started, how it became leader in financial-services and then became bankrupt. Let’s cover all points one by one.

Lehman Brothers founded in 1850, is a global financial-services firm. The firm does business in investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales, research and trading, investment management, private equity, and private banking. It is a primary dealer in the U.S. Treasury securities market. The firm’s worldwide headquarters are in New York City, with regional headquarters in London and Tokyo, as well as offices located throughout the world.

In 1844, 23-year-old Henry Lehman, the son of a cattle merchant, emigrated to the United States from Rimpar, Bavaria. He settled in Montgomery, Alabama, where he opened a dry-goods store, “H. Lehman”. In 1847, following the arrival of Emanuel Lehman, the firm became “H. Lehman and Bro.” With the arrival of their youngest brother, Mayer Lehman, in 1850, the firm changed its name again and “Lehman Brothers” was founded. In 1850 Lehman brothers set up the merchant bank in New York after making money in railway bonds. In this way this finance giant came into existence in USA.

The reason behind the downfall of Lehman Brothers ::

These days there is mortgage crisis in United States due to decline in prices of real-estates. As a result, housing loans made by the bank to people with little support made these loans very risky, and when interest rates were raised by these banks, these borrowers could no more repay Lehman. This led to huge losses for Lehman. It caused $60 billion loss in bad real estate loans for Lehman Bros. One of the main reason for its downfall was its poor relations with top banks of United States. They refused to do business with Lehman due to over-confidence of its CEO over the Lehman financial assets. And after big debt of $639 billion, when Lehman asked Barclays and Bank of America for acquisition, they simply rejected the offer.

Financial implications of bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers ::

• Over 5,000 employees in the UK have already lost their jobs, while about 20,000 in the US might as well forget going back to their work stations. About 2,500 Lehman employees in India will also soon get the pink slip.
• Wall Street has lost its glory in world business. Three of the Street’s five major independent brokers have disappeared. Now we have only Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley left.
• Big loss for Indian software companies.
• Higher Credit rates and borrowing costs.
• Slow down of US economy and share markets.

BLUE TOOTH !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

HOW DOES IT GET THAT NAME !!!

Bluetooth was borrowed from the 10th century, second King of Denmark, King Harald Bluetooth; who was famous for uniting Scandinavia just as we intended to unite the PC and cellular industries with a short-range wireless link.

OKAY BACK TO TECHNOLOGY ......................

Bluetooth is one of the most recent development in wireless technology.Bluetooth technology allows wireless connection between various communication devices with ease.The paper begins with a brief introduction of Bluetooth technology and the need for it.It then explains other two types of
wireless communication viz.Infrared communication and Cable Synchronization and the advantages of Bluetooth over these.It also explains the techniques by which Bluetooth avoids interference from other electronic devices.

Avoiding interference from other electronic devices : HOW IT HAPPENS !!!

Weak Transmission Of Signals :- One of the ways Bluetooth devices will avoid interfering with other systems is by sending out very weak signals of 1 milliwatt. By comparison, the most powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low power limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10 meters, cutting the chances of interference between your computer system and your portable telephone or television. Even with the low power, the walls in your house won't stop a Bluetooth signal, from controlling several devices in different rooms.


Spread-Spectrum Frequency Hopping :- With many different Bluetooth devices in a room, you might think they'd interfere with one another, but it's unlikely that several devices will be on the same frequency at the same time because Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual randomly chosen frequencies within a designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis. In the case of Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every second, meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice of the radio spectrum. Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, it’s unlikely that two transmitters will be on the same frequency at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt Bluetooth devices since any interference on a particular frequency will last only a tiny fraction of a second.

When new Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an electronic conversation will take place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one needs to control the other. The user doesn't have to press a button or give a command -- the electronic conversation happens automatically. Once the conversation has occurred, the devices -- whether they're part of a computer system or a stereo -- form a network. Bluetooth systems create a Personal-Area Network (PAN) or "piconet" that may fill a room or may encompass no more distance than that between the cellphone on a belt-clip and the headset you're wearing. Once a piconet is established, the members randomly hop frequencies in unison so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that may be operating in the same room.


U WANT SOME EXAMPLE ???


Let’s take a look at how the Bluetooth frequency hopping and personal-area network keep systems from becoming confused. Let’s say you’ve got a typical modern living room with the typical modern stuff inside. There’s an entertainment system with a stereo, a DVD player, a satellite TV receiver and a television; a cordless telephone; and a personal computer. Each of these systems uses Bluetooth, and each forms its own piconet to talk between main unit and peripheral.
The cordless telephone has one Bluetooth transmitter in the base and another in the handset. The manufacturer has programmed each unit with an address that falls into a range of addresses it has established for a particular type of device. When the base is first turned on, it sends radio signals asking for a response from any units with an address in a particular range. Since the handset has an address in the range, it responds and a tiny network is formed. Now, even if one of these devices should receive a signal from another system, it will ignore it since it’s not from within its network. The computer and entertainment system go through similar routines, establishing networks among addresses in ranges established by manufacturers. Once the networks are established, the systems begin talking among themselves. Each piconet hops randomly through the available frequencies, so all of the piconets are completely separated from one another.
Now the living room has three separate networks established, each one made up of devices that know the address of transmitters it should listen to, and the address of receivers it should talk to. Since each network is changing the frequency of its operation thousands of times a second, it’s unlikely that any two networks will be on the same frequency at the same time. If it turns out that they are, then the resulting confusion will only cover a tiny fraction of a second, and software designed to correct for such errors will weed out the confusing information and get on with the network’s business.

Mobile phones technologies

CDMA versus TDMA? Analog versus digital? Sprint versus Verizon versus
AT&T?

If you’ve ever shopped for one, you know that mobile phones are available in a
wide and often baffling array of standards and technologies, with many confusing
technical terms. But once you understand what a mobile phone really is — a device
for sending voice and data through radio signals — it becomes much easier to
understand how mobile phones work and how all the different technologies make a
difference to you.

According to guidelines set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), mobile phones may send
signals at 800 MHz and/or 1900 MHz in the U.S. Other countries allow mobile phone frequencies at 900 MHz
and 1800 MHz.
Mobile phone frequencies are more than a hundred thousand times higher than the human voice, which ranges
from 300 to 3300 Hz (whereas 1 MHz = 1 million Hz). Mobile phone frequencies are also higher than signals
used by some common household devices, such as TVs and cordless phones
While some mobile phones, known as single band, work at only one of these frequencies, others, known as
dualband or triband, work at two or three frequencies. To everyday users, it is important to remember that the
different digital mobile phone frequencies work virtually the same.

Some mobile phones, known as dualmode or trimode, can handle two or three different mobile technologies.
Some of these multiple-mode phones feature both analog and digital technologies, while others incorporate
different digital technologies or different frequencies.
Digital technologies compress large amounts of sound information into smaller codes that are faster and easier
to send. While analog networks (e.g., AMPS, NAMPS) can send only one phone call per radio channel at a
time, digital networks can simultaneously send the codes for several calls over each radio

CDMA, TDMA, GSM, iDEN, and CDPD coding standards !!!!

Basically, CDMA and TDMA are the two main digital technologies for mobile phones, and GSM and iDEN are important forms of TDMA. CDPD is something you can combine with TDMA to make data calls, such as for email or web browsing.

How does CDMA work?

CDMA, or Code Division Multiple Access, is known as “spread spectrum” technology, because it does not send
radio signals purely intact. Instead, CDMA divides up a radio signal over a range of different channels. Then, as
the signal is being received, it is recombined into one channel that can be understood.
CDMA is predominantly used in the U.S. (e.g., Verizon Wireless and Sprint PCS), Canada, and South Korea.
CDMA is also expected to be popular in emerging markets in mainland China.

How does TDMA work?
As discussed earlier, digital codes are methods for compressing information. TDMA, or Time Division Multiple
Access, primarily used in the U.S. and Canada, takes each call one short sound burst at a time and sends it out as
computer code. Each TDMA channel can carry code for snippets of several conversations simultaneously.
Currently, except for GSM and iDEN, TDMA can handle only voice calls, no data. In the U.S., a major TDMA
carrier is AT&T Wireless.
What is GSM?
GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is the world’s most common digital technology for
mobile phones, especially in Europe (where it is the standard), Asia, and Africa. It is a form of TDMA that can
handle data. GSM carriers in the U.S. include Pacific Bell and Voicestream Wireless.
What is PCS?
PCS, which stands for Personal Communications Services, is a completely digital, wireless system that works in
the 1900 MHz frequency band. PCS protocols include CDMA, TDMA, and GSM.
What does it mean to be cellular?
Cellular technologies are named after the “cells” they use to distribute signal space within a specific coverage
area. In cellular networks, the entire coverage area is divided into multiple cells, and each cell is assigned a set
amount of signal space at any given time, usually about 1,000 frequencies. This space can be filled with analog
and/or digital messages, depending on what equipment is available.
Cellular networks are designed for voice transmission and typically charge according to the lapsed time of each
call, rather than the amount of information transferred. The term “cellular” especially refers to AMPS, an
analog protocol, but can also denote CDMA or GSM.
What is iDEN?
iDEN, or Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network, is an enhanced version of TDMA used in the U.S., Canada,
Mexico, Israel, and parts of Asia and South America. In the U.S., the main iDEN carriers are Nextel and
Southern Linc.
What is CDPD?
CDPD, or Cellular Digital Packet Data, is something that can be added to a TDMA phone to allow data calls, so
you can perform computer-related applications like email, file transfers, or Internet browsing. Using CDPD
involves working with a CDPD account in addition to other accounts you may already have (e.g., email).
Without CDPD, a regular TDMA phone can handle only voice calls.

Myself in brief

Finally I am into blogging...........

Okay.. coming to me ....... I am from Andra Pradesh, a beautiful state in south India.

My family :

My dad Ramachandraih, is now a retired govt employee. He is cool, jovial and has lots of sense of humor. My mom Girija is cool house wife , beautiful, innocent .My elder brother Kishore is intelligent and down to earth person and a good adviser of mine.......

I spent my child hood in different places. I started my schooling in Narasapur, a town in West Godavari district and then continued in Chilakaloripet, Jaggayapet, Gudur. I did my +2 in Nellore and my engineering in Sri Vidhya Nikethan , Tirupathi. Later I worked as software engineer from 13 th July 2005 to 4th December 2007.

I got married in 25 th December 2007. Gopi my husband works as software engineer Honeywell US.

Ok my name is Madhuri.............:)